Insects display extraordinary diversity in sperm form and reproductive anatomy, reflecting a complex interplay of evolutionary pressures from mating systems, sperm competition and cryptic female ...

While most animals reproduce sexually, some species rely solely on females for parthenogenetic reproduction. Even in these species, rare males occasionally appear. Whether these males retain ...

Social insects exhibit a remarkable array of genetic systems that underpin their complex reproductive ecologies and eusocial organisation. Among these, haplodiploidy and paternal genome elimination ...